23 - Radiation sources for Brachytherapy

Commonly used radiation sources (radionuclides) for brachytherapy

Radionuclide	Type	Half-life	Energy
Caesium-137 (137Cs)	γ-ray	30.17 years	0.662 MeV
Cobalt-60 (60Co)	γ-rays	5.26 years	1.17, 1.33 MeV
Iridium-192 (192Ir)	γ-ray	74.0 days	0.38 MeV (mean)
Iodine-125 (125I)	X-rays	59.6 days	27.4, 31.4 and 35.5 keV
Palladium-103 (103Pd)	X-ray	17.0 days	21 keV (mean)
Ruthenium-106 (106Ru)	β-particles	1.02 years	3.54 MeV

22 - Honeycomb lung on chest X-ray causes

Here is a list of all the causes which result in the Honeycomb appearance of the lung on chest X-ray :


1. Cystic fibrosis
2. Cystic bronchiectasis
3. Collagen disorders : Rheumatoid arthritis and Scleroderma
4. Drugs : Busulphan, Bleomycin, Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan and Nitrofurantoin
5. Pneumoconioses
6. Langerhan cell histiocytosis
7. Interstitial lung diseases
8. Idiopathic interstitial fibrosis ( Fibrosing necrotizing alveolitis )
9. Neurofibromatosis
10. Tuberous sclerosis
11. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 


Mnemonic : CD(bbcmn) SPLINTER